Start here. This is the direct spoken answer to practice first.
Why this question matters
Aspire is easy to describe as orchestration and then accidentally give it responsibilities that belong to Kubernetes, a cloud platform, or the application itself. A useful explanation keeps the development model, generated deployment intent, and production runtime separate.
.NET Aspire is a set of tools and conventions for building distributed applications with a code-first application model. An AppHost describes projects, containers, databases, caches, and their relationships, then Aspire can start and wire those resources for local development. It also provides integrations for configuration, service discovery, health checks, resilience, and OpenTelemetry, with a dashboard that brings logs, traces, metrics, endpoints, and resource state together. I would use it to make a multi-service solution easier to run, observe, test, and hand to another developer. It does not make an application distributed correctly, and the local AppHost is not the production runtime that replaces Kubernetes, Container Apps, App Service, or another hosting platform.